Building with tens

SLOs:

• Describe representations of numbers up to 100.
• Understand the meaning of a "two-digit" number.
• Make and record any two-digit number using equipment, symbols, and words.

Activity 1

1.

Begin by showing a Slavonic abacus to the students. Ask them to share all they know or notice about it. (For example, if there are 10 rows, there are 100 beads altogether; ten beads make up each row; in each row, there are two colours, and each of these colours is 5 beads; there are twenty lots or groups of 5 in 100). Record the ideas generated on a chart.

2.

Ask the students to explain to a partner how they would go about counting all the beads and have a student demonstrate their strategies while their classmates/group members count with them using the demonstrated strategy (one by one, in fives, ten at a time, fifty + fifty...).

3.

As a class, practice counting in tens: ten, twenty, thirty, forty... stress the last syllable, "‘ty". Record on the chart the symbols and words for the decade numbers: 10, 20, 30 ... ). Highlight the "ty" ending and note the difference from "teen" numbers.

4.

Display the abacus and a hundred boards, making the connection between the two pieces of equipment. Model a number on the abacus and identify the number on the hundred board. Students need to see how these pieces of equipment complement each other.

NB. When modelling, for example, 34, on the abacus, first move all the beads to the right-hand side of the abacus. Then slide 3 lines of beads and 4 single beads (31, 32, 33, 34) across so that their position matches the position of those numbers on the hundreds board. (If all the beads begin on the other side, when you slide the 4 beads across, they will incorrectly match the positions of 37, 38, 39, and 40 on the hundreds board.)

5.

Hide the abacus, slide the beads to make a number, for example, 47, and have the students in pairs describe the number made with beads. For example, a student might describe 48 as:

• There are four full rows of ten; that’s four tens, a group of five, and three more beads, which makes eight. There are two beads left that aren’t moved across.

Record students' descriptions on the chart. Uncover the abacus and confirm. Repeat this a number of times to elicit and record the tens and ones language.

Activity 2

Record the word "digit". Ask the students,

• What does this word mean? (It is a numeral symbol that represents a number.)

Tell the students that "digits" is also another word for the name fingers, and that "digit" comes from the fact that the 10 digits on their hands correspond to the 10 numeral symbols that we use in our number system. Record some two-digit numbers suggested by the students. Ask if 20, 10, 7, and 100 are all two-digit numbers. Discuss (NB: 100 is a three-digit number).

Activity 3

1.

Provide students with a variety of place value equipment: nursery/ice block sticks, hair ties, beans, containers, abacus, and Arrow cards activity. You might just introduce one to start with and then gradually introduce the types of different equipment available to students. Have them sit facing a partner, with a book placed in the middle to act as a barrier. Each partner should not see their partner's equipment.

2.

Have the students play Digit Displays (purpose: to make and describe representations of two-digit numbers). One student makes and describes any two-digit number using place value equipment and hides this from their partner, who must represent the number using arrow cards. They disclose and compare the results. If the partner is correct, they ‘keep’ the digit cards, and roles are reversed. Each student has three turns and tries to collect all three arrow card sets. Ensure you model how to play this game for students before letting them work in pairs.

Activity 4

Play Place Value Loopy (Building tens 2 place value loopy activity) to consolidate understanding of tens and ones in numbers to one hundred. Cut the loopy sheets into individual cards and distribute them to students evenly. The student with the start card reads the first clue. The student with the answer to that clue reads the number answer aloud, then reads their clue. This pattern of question and response continues until the final card is read.

It is useful to have a practice game, then redistribute the cards and time the class/group performance. Each subsequent time the game is played, the aim is for the group to beat the previous time set.

SLOs:

• Make and record any two-digit number using equipment, symbols, pictures, and words.
• Use knowledge of basic facts to ten to add and subtract decades to 100.

Activity 1

1.

Begin the lesson by writing "Pattern hunt" on the class chart. Tell the students they are going to use what they already know to make working with all two-digit numbers easy.

2.

Have students work in pairs. Each pair should have chart paper, pens, and place-value equipment (an abacus or beans and containers). Set a short time limit (e.g., using an egg timer, the length of a tune, 3 minutes).

3.

Students must fold their chart paper in half. In the top portion, they write "Facts within 10" and must record all facts they know within and to ten. (Both can record at the same time.) In the lower portion, they write "Numbers within 100" and show, using pictures, words, symbols, and equations, the ways in which their facts within ten help them work with two-digit numbers.

4.

Have students share their posters and model their ideas on an abacus for the class to see.

Activity 2

1.

Circulate a tray with place value equipment (e.g., beans and full-ten containers, nursery stick bundles of ten and units) and some story problems. As the tray is passed from student to student, each person should draw out a problem, read it to the class, and model it with equipment before passing the tray to the next person. Students could do this in pairs, if necessary. Building tens 1 class word stories activity contains story problems. You could adapt these to reflect contexts that are more relevant, engaging, and meaningful to your students. Consider how links to cultural knowledge and learning from other curriculum areas could be made through the adaptation of these problems.

2.

Conclude the lesson by describing (without materials) two-digit numbers. Have the students imagine these as they are described and record the number (on paper or with their finger in the air). For example: The teacher says,

• There are five full rows of beads on the abacus and seven single beads, five of one colour and two of the other.

Students write 57.

SLOs

• Recall and apply groupings with numbers up to 100.
• Partition (decompose and compose) two-digit numbers in different ways.

Activity 1

1.

Begin the lesson by circulating the abacus and asking each student to model and say complementary pairs of decades to 100. For example: A student slides across thirty beads and says,

• Thirty plus seventy is one hundred.

2.

The teacher repeats this, hiding the abacus and saying how many beads are moved (decades). Students write the complementary decade number.

3.

The teacher now models a number that is not in the decade, for example 28, and the students are asked to describe to a partner what is left.

• Two (to make thirty) and seventy. So it's seventy-two.

Emphasise the composition of the ten with the two single digits and the number of whole decades that remain. Highlight the connection to basic facts.

4.

Repeat 2 (above) this time with complementary numbers that are off the decade: for example, 66 and 34, 75 and 25, 17 and 83. Have the students picture these in their heads, record their answer, and check with the beads as the abacus is revealed.

Activity 2

Enlarge and display a “Matching Pairs to 100” sheet (Building tens 3 matching pairs activity) and have the students, either as individuals or in pairs, find and record these as quickly as possible. Have the abacus available for reference.

Activity 3

Work with students on games that encourage them to know the pairings of decades to 100. These games are available within e-ako maths or from the Number Facts Games collection:

• Number pairs: Decades to make 100
• Hundreds frame: Decades that add to 100

Activity 4

1.

Have students play First to Forty. Students need to have beans and containers, a set of playing cards 1–9, and a dice with + or - symbols marked on each of the six faces.

2.

Each student writes 25 and makes it using place-value equipment. Players take turns rolling the dice and turning over a playing card. They need to either add or subtract the number shown on their playing card from their materials and write the relevant equation. You could also adapt this to have each student play in pairs, with each student telling their partner whether to add or subtract on each turn. The winner is the first student who makes at least forty.

For example, if a student rolls + and turns up an 8, they make 33 with the equipment. They record 25 + 8 = 33.

Activity 5

1.

As a group, discuss the language “compose” and “decompose”. Make connections to real-life examples (e.g., we compose music or write; waste material decomposes or breaks down). Model and record on a chart other names for two-digit numbers up to 100. For example: 33 is the same as 3 tens and 3 ones, and also 2 tens and 13 ones. 45 is the same as 4 tens and 5 ones, and also 3 tens and 15 ones. Provide materials for students to fold back to and use as necessary.

2.

Ask students to think of their own examples and share them with a partner. Ask several students to share and demonstrate their two-digit numbers with place value materials.

SLOs

• Recall and apply groupings with numbers up to 100.
• Trade and exchange using a different marker for ten.

1.

Introduce MAB equipment (MAB stands for Multi-base Arithmetic Blocks, also called Place Value Blocks). Ask the students what is the same and different about this material compared with equipment used so far (same, tens and single units or ones; different, you can’t break up the tens as you need to exchange them for ten ones).

2.

Have students work in pairs to play First to Forty as in Session 3, first explaining that they will still be composing and decomposing numbers; however, the process will be one of exchange, ones for ten and ten for ones.

3.

Introduce play money with $1 coins and $10 notes. Ask the students to comment about the material as in 1. above. Highlight that money is like other place value materials we have used, but the ten look very different from the others. We can’t see a similarity between the coins and the $10, yet ten $1 coins have the same value as one $10 note. Point out that when we go shopping, we operate a trading or exchange system that depends on the value of the things we buy and what change we might receive.

4.

Have students play Banker’s Bonus. Provide students, in small groups, with $1 coins, $10 notes, and a set of Banker’s Bonus instruction cards (Building tens 4 bankers bonus cards activity). 

5.

Have students choose a starter card from the Banker’s Bonus pile and take that amount of money. They then take turns reading and following a transaction instruction card, composing and decomposing their amount of money accordingly. Other players check for accuracy. The winner is the player who reaches $100 first. They are awarded a $10 bonus with which to begin the next game.

SLOs

• Understand the terms face and place value.
• Use and explain place-value houses.

Activity 1

1.

Display a place value house and ask the students what they notice about it (for example, it has three 'rooms'; the rooms are called Hundreds, Tens, and Ones; it is called the Trend Setter House because there are more houses like this one, so this one "sets a trend" or "shows what the others will be like").

2.

Ask what we might call this house. Accept students ideas, then tell them we call it a place value house. Ask them to suggest why it has that name. Say,

• Let’s find out.

3.

Have the students work in pairs. Distribute to each pair a place value house, MAB blocks, a whiteboard marker, pencil, and paper.

4.

Have the students make one number between ten and ninety-nine using the equipment provided and locate it in the appropriate place on the place value house. Ask the students to explain what they notice (i.e., the tens and ones have their own place).

5.

Have the students slide the blocks off the place-value house until they are positioned below it. Using the whiteboard pen, have the students write the number in the PV house. Once again, ask what they notice (i.e., the number they write represents tens and ones).

Activity 2

1.

On a chart, write the words ‘place value’ and ‘face value’. Have students, in pairs, write down what they think these terms mean. Share ideas. Look at each of the words: place (location or position), face (appearance or what we see), and value (worth). Write a two-digit number on the PV house and circle the tenth digit. Discuss its face and place value. For example:

• 95; the digits are nine and five. These are their face values, or what they appear to be. Because of its place in the tens, the nine’s place value is nine tens or ninety, and the 5 is worth just five, which is both its place and face value.

2.

Have the students circle a digit on their whiteboard and discuss its place and face value.

3.

Conclude the activity by displaying the place value trendsetter house and asking students to describe the hundreds place value equipment (ten of the tens joined together). Show this block to the students.

Activity 3

1.

Have the students play in pairs. What’s it worth?

Provide students with a scrambled set of the cards (Building tens 5 what is it worth activity). They must work together to find the matching pairs in which the place value statement is true. Challenge students to create their own game in which there is only one solution: use all their cards.